Killing for Land, by Adrian Cowell. Bullfrog Films, 1990.
This documentary analyzes the wave of rural violence that unfolded in the Amazon in the 1980s. Encouraged by government-sponsored programs of colonization, numerous poor, landless peasants from other parts of Brazil came to the Tocantins-Araguaiá region in the 1970s and 1980s with the intent of becoming yeomen. Nonetheless, they soon found that most land was unapt for their purposes, and facing growing debts and other types of coercions, most saw themselves compelled to sell their lands to local landowners, who were becoming gradually more powerful. The landowners themselves also advanced their own interests by manipulating land deeds in order to take over more lands for speculating, a process depicted in the documentary.
The ensuing conflicts were violently resolved. Using the Catholic church, the only legal space for political organization until the mid-1980s, and later the Partido dos Trabalhadores, landless peasants organized themselves to fight back the landlords, and these responded by hiring mercenaries in order to kill resisting peasants. They also created the UDR, whose appearance in the documentary makes it even more interesting (an interview with one of its leaders could have seriously improved it, though). In addition, the Brazilian legal system worked in favor of the landowners, who enjoyed an almost total impunity and were never put in jail because of their crimes. What makes this film an invaluable document is showing the measure to which this impunity existed, in my opinion. The struggles of the “squatter” peasants are also intensely portrayed, and the spectator witness how one of these conflicts ended in success for the peasants –a certainly infrequent outcome.